乔布斯用自己的灵魂铸就了苹果的未来，用自己的行动改变了人们的生活，我们将永远缅怀这位传奇人物。正如一位朋友所说：“正因为有了乔，这个原本丑陋的科技变得如此妙不可言。”愿逝者安息。
Steve Jobs, Apple’s Visionary, Dies at 56
永远缅怀史蒂夫·乔布斯
Steven P. Jobs, the visionary co-founder of Apple who helped usher in the era of personal computers and then led a cultural transformation in the way music, movies and mobile communications were experienced in the digital age, died Wednesday. He was 56.
作为苹果公司的创始人之一，史蒂夫·保罗·乔布斯的贡献不仅仅是让个人笔记本电脑风靡全球，并且彻底改变了现代音乐、影视、移动通讯甚至人们的生活方式。而在今年10月5日，他与世长辞了，享年56岁。
The death was announced by Apple, the company Mr. Jobs and his high school friend Stephen Wozniak started in 1976 in a suburban California garage.
这个消息由苹果公司发布。1976年，乔布斯和他的高中朋友斯蒂芬?沃兹尼亚克在加利福尼亚郊区的自家车库里成立了苹果电脑公司。
A friend of the family said that Mr. Jobs died of complications from pancreatic cancer, with which he waged a long and public struggle, remaining the face of the company even as he underwent treatment. He continued to introduce new products for a global market in his trademark blue jeans even as he grew gaunt and frail.
“乔布斯死于胰腺癌并发症，而在此前的化疗期间，他一边与疾病作斗争，另一边还在为公司事务奔波。身体上的憔悴与脆弱并没有阻碍他身着蓝色牛仔出现在新产品的全球推介会上。”乔布斯家中一位亲友如是说。
He underwent surgery in 2004, received a liver transplant in 2009 and took three medical leaves of absence as Apple’s chief executive before stepping down in August and turning over the helm to Timothy D. Cook, the chief operating officer. When he left, he was still engaged in the company’s affairs, negotiating with another Silicon Valley executive only weeks earlier.
2004年他接受了一次手术，2009年又接受了一次肝移植。在今年8月份辞去CEO职务前乔曾请了3次病假，并任命蒂姆·库克为苹果公司的现任执行长官。而在病假期，他仍忙着处理公司事务，前几周还与另一位硅谷主管进行过商讨。
“I have always said that if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple’s C.E.O., I would be the first to let you know,” Mr. Jobs said in a letter released by the company. “Unfortunately, that day has come.”
“我说过倘若有一天我不能胜任自己的工作或者没有达到大家的期望，那么我会第一时间让你们知道。”乔在一封致公司信中说道。“不幸地是，这一天已经来临了。”
By then, having mastered digital technology and capitalized on his intuitive marketing sense, Mr. Jobs had largely come to define the personal computer industry and an array of digital consumer and entertainment businesses centered on the Internet. He had also become a very rich man, worth an estimated $8.3 billion.
凭借着精练的数字技术和独特的市场直觉，乔已经为个人电脑业与一系列基于网络的数码和娱乐业赋予了新的内涵。他已然成为了一位名副其实的富豪，资产估值为83亿美元。
Tributes to Mr. Jobs flowed quickly on Wednesday evening, in formal statements and in the flow of social networks, with President Obama, technology industry leaders and legions of Apple fans weighing in.
周三晚，社会各届人士，包括奥巴马和科技部的领导们均对乔的逝世表示了深切的悼念，社交网络上的悼念活动相继开始。
A Twitter user named Matt Galligan wrote: “R.I.P. Steve Jobs. You touched an ugly world of technology and made it beautiful.”
一位Twitter用户写道：“愿乔安息。因为有你，这个原本丑陋的科技世界才会变得如些妙不可言。”
Eight years after founding Apple, Mr. Jobs led the team that designed the Macintosh computer, a breakthrough in making personal computers easier to use. After a 12-year separation from the company, prompted by a bitter falling-out with his chief executive, John Sculley, he returned in 1997 to oversee the creation of one innovative digital device after another — the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. These transformed not only product categories like music players and cellphones but also entire industries, like music and mobile communications.
公司建立后的第8年，乔布斯领导团队设计出了麦金塔电脑。这成为了个人电脑史上的一个重大突破，因为麦金塔电脑的出现让电脑的使用更加方便快捷。但由于与当时总裁约翰·斯库利的不和导致他离开苹果公司12年，直到1997年才回到公司。而从此以后他创造了一个又一个的奇迹——iPod，iPhone, iPad。这些奇迹的到来不仅丰富了音乐播放器和手机市场的产品，并且对音乐、通讯领域产生了深远的影响。
During his years outside Apple, he bought a tiny computer graphics spinoff from the director George Lucas and built a team of computer scientists, artists and animators that became Pixar Animation Studios.
在离开苹果公司的那些年里，他从乔治?鲁卡斯手中购买了一家小的电脑动画室，与此同时组建了一个集电脑专家、艺术家和动画制作者的团队，成立了皮克斯电脑动画工作室。
Starting with “Toy Story” in 1995, Pixar produced a string of hit movies, won several Academy Awards for artistic and technological excellence, and made the full-length computer-animated film a mainstream art form enjoyed by children and adults worldwide.
继1995年处女作“玩具总动员”热映后，皮克斯公司制作了一系列热门电影，多次获得奥斯卡最佳艺术与技术创作奖。自此运用电脑动画制作的电影受到了全世界男女老少的追捧。
Mr. Jobs was neither a hardware engineer nor a software programmer, nor did he think of himself as a manager. He considered himself a technology leader, choosing the best people possible, encouraging and prodding them, and making the final call on product design.
乔认为自己既不是硬件工程师也不是软件程序员，他甚至不认为自己适合做一名管理者。他将自己定位在技术领导，负责挑选合适的人选，鼓励他们创作并且对产品设计进行最终敲定。
It was an executive style that had evolved. In his early years at Apple, his meddling in tiny details maddened colleagues, and his criticism could be caustic and even humiliating. But he grew to elicit extraordinary loyalty.
正因为如此，乔不断地改进自己的管理风格。早期在苹果公司时，他对细节的挑剔让下属感到压力很大，而他苛刻的批评指责甚至被认为是在污辱。渐渐地，他开始关注职员们忠诚的重要性。
“He was the most passionate leader one could hope for, a motivating force without parallel,” wrote Steven Levy, author of the 1994 book “Insanely Great,” which chronicles the creation of the Mac. “Tom Sawyer could have picked up tricks from Steve Jobs.”
“他是极具激情的领导，他的感染力首屈一指；汤姆?索耶本应该向乔学些技巧。”在史蒂芬?利维1994年出版的《极度伟大》一书中写道。这本书讲述了麦金塔电脑创作的历史。
“Toy Story,” for example, took four years to make while Pixar struggled, yet Mr. Jobs never let up on his colleagues. “‘You need a lot more than vision — you need a stubbornness, tenacity, belief and patience to stay the course,” said Edwin Catmull, a computer scientist and a co-founder of Pixar. “In Steve’s case, he pushes right to the edge, to try to make the next big step forward.”
例如“玩具总动员”的前后制作总共耗费了4年时间，但是乔布斯从未让同事们感到泄气。“‘丰富的想象力和创造力固然重要，但你们还需要坚强，坚韧，信仰和耐心。’乔习惯将事情恰好推到边缘，然后不得不努力迈出一大步。”电脑专家兼皮克斯合作人之一埃德华?凯特温介绍道。
Mr. Jobs was the ultimate arbiter of Apple products, and his standards were exacting. Over the course of a year he tossed out two iPhone prototypes, for example, before approving the third, and began shipping it in June 2007.
乔掌握着苹果公司新产品推出的决定权，他将产品标准制定得非常具体。在2007年7月第三代iPhone上市前的一年里，他已经摒弃了两种iPhone原型。
To his understanding of technology he brought an immersion in popular culture. In his 20s, he dated Joan Baez; Ella Fitzgerald sang at his 30th birthday party. His worldview was shaped by the ’60s counterculture in the San Francisco Bay Area, where he had grown up, the adopted son of a Silicon Valley machinist. When he graduated from high school in Cupertino in 1972, he said, ”the very strong scent of the 1960s was still there.”
除了对科技的理解，乔对流行文化也有一定的了解。20岁时，他曾邂逅了“民谣天后”琼·贝兹；30岁生日会上，他邀请了“爵士第一夫人”艾拉·费兹杰拉倾情演绎。他被生父母抛弃后被一位硅谷机械师收养，所以他从小是在旧金山海湾区“硅谷”附近成长的。而这个地方当时正流行着一种反文化思潮，他的世界观也在这个时期逐渐形成。1972年从库佩蒂诺高中毕业后的乔说：“60年代的那种强烈思潮深深影响着自己的一生。”
After dropping out of Reed College, a stronghold of liberal thought in Portland, Ore., in 1972, Mr. Jobs led a countercultural lifestyle himself. He told a reporter that taking LSD was one of the two or three most important things he had done in his life. He said there were things about him that people who had not tried psychedelics — even people who knew him well, including his wife — could never understand.
从里德大学缀学后，1972年的乔怀惴着对自由的向往开始了自己的反文化生活。他曾跟一名记者毫不避讳地透露自己服用迷幻药是他一生中所做最重要的三件事情之一。他说很多没有服用过迷幻药的朋友们很难理解他的行为，甚至那些非常了解他的朋友，包括自己的妻子。
Decades later he flew around the world in his own corporate jet, but he maintained emotional ties to the period in which he grew up. He often felt like an outsider in the corporate world, he said. When discussing the Silicon Valley’s lasting contributions to humanity, he mentioned in the same breath the invention of the microchip and “The Whole Earth Catalog,” a 1960s counterculture publication.
十年后，他乘着自己公司的飞机环游了世界，但他始终坚持着自己对自由的向往。他说他经常会感到自己是公司的局外人。当被问及硅谷对人类的不可磨灭影响时，他提到微芯片的发明与60年代发表的《世界地图目录》。
Apple’s very name reflected his unconventionality. In an era when engineers and hobbyists tended to describe their machines with model numbers, he chose the name of a fruit, supposedly because of his dietary habits at the time.
将公司取名为“苹果”本身就展现了乔的创造性。在那个时代，工程师和业余爱好者们习惯用型号来描述自己的产品，而大概由于乔的饮食习惯，他选择了一种水果名称。
Coming on the scene just as computing began to move beyond the walls of research laboratories and corporations in the 1970s, Mr. Jobs saw that computing was becoming personal — that it could do more than crunch numbers and solve scientific and business problems — and that it could even be a force for social and economic change. And at a time when hobbyist computers were boxy wooden affairs with metal chassis, he designed the Apple II as a sleek, low-slung plastic package intended for the den or the kitchen. He was offering not just products but a digital lifestyle.
70年代，原本普遍用于科研和商用的电脑开始走进人们的生活。乔预见到个人电脑将在不久的将来得到普及，不仅可以用于处理数学、科技和商业上的问题，还能有力地推动社会和经济的蓬勃发展。当电脑业余爱好者仍关注着用金属代替笨重的木质电脑时，他已经设计出了小巧轻便、拥有光滑的塑胶外壳，并且可以放在家里使用的苹果II号。他带来的不仅仅是电子产品而是一个全新的数码时代。
He put much stock in the notion of “taste,” a word he used frequently. It was a sensibility that shone in products that looked like works of art and delighted users. Great products, he said, were a triumph of taste, of “trying to expose yourself to the best things humans have done and then trying to bring those things into what you are doing.”
他一直强调“体验”这一理念。好的产品可以让人们感到这仿佛是件工艺品并且可以给用户带来巨大的欣喜。所以乔认为真正伟大的产品是一次成功的体验，通过努力了解人类已经拥有的最好事物，然后将这些体验带到自己的产品中来。”
Regis McKenna, a longtime Silicon Valley marketing executive to whom Mr. Jobs turned in the late 1970s to help shape the Apple brand, said Mr. Jobs’s genius lay in his ability to simplify complex, highly engineered products, “to strip away the excess layers of business, design and innovation until only the simple, elegant reality remained.”
70年代时，乔邀请到了硅谷资深市场营销专家里吉斯?麦肯纳来一起创建苹果品牌。麦肯纳回忆说乔布斯的天赋在于将复杂的工程简单化，“他可以抛开外在的商业、设计和创新理念，只留下朴素而简洁的实体。”
Mr. Jobs’s own research and intuition, not focus groups, were his guide. When asked what market research went into the iPad, Mr. Jobs replied: “None. It’s not the consumers’ job to know what they want.”
乔一贯遵循着自己的研究和市场直觉。被问及是如何进行iPad的市场调查时，他的回答是：“从未对消费者进行过市场调查，因为这不需要消费者去了解自己需要什么样的产品。”
Early Interests
早期的兴趣
Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on Feb. 24, 1955, and surrendered for adoption by his biological parents, Joanne Carole Schieble and Abdulfattah Jandali, a graduate student from Syria who became a political science professor. He was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs.
1995年2月24日，乔布斯出生于美国旧金山。生母叫乔安妮·卡萝尔·席布尔，生父叫阿卜杜拉法塔赫·约翰·詹达利，来自叙利亚的研究生，后来成为一名政治学教授。乔出生后不久便被亲生父母抛弃，由保罗和克莱拉?乔布斯夫妇收养。
The elder Mr. Jobs, who worked in finance and real estate before returning to his original trade as a machinist, moved his family down the San Francisco Peninsula to Mountain View and then to Los Altos in the 1960s.
长大后，乔一家从旧金山搬到山景城后，又搬到加利福尼亚州洛斯拉图斯。先是做机械工，后来又在房地产公司工作，再后来又转为机械工。
Mr. Jobs developed an early interest in electronics. He was mentored by a neighbor, an electronics hobbyist, who built Heathkit do-it-yourself electronics projects. He was brash from an early age. As an eighth grader, after discovering that a crucial part was missing from a frequency counter he was assembling, he telephoned William Hewlett, the co-founder of Hewlett-Packard. Mr. Hewlett spoke with the boy for 20 minutes, prepared a bag of parts for him to pick up and offered him a job as a summer intern.
乔从小就对电子学产生了浓厚的兴趣。他的邻居是一位电子爱好家，理所当然地成为了乔的启蒙老师。小时候，乔很腼腆。8年级时，乔发现组装的频率计缺少一个重要的零部件，他便打电话给威廉?休利特（惠普公司的创始人之一）。休利特与乔聊了近20分钟后，给了他一包零部件供他挑选，并且提供了一份暑期实习。
Mr. Jobs met Mr. Wozniak while attending Homestead High School in neighboring Cupertino. The two took an introductory electronics class there.
乔在高中时遇见了沃兹尼亚克。他们一见如故，并且都选修了电子学。
The spark that ignited their partnership was provided by Mr. Wozniak’s mother. Mr. Wozniak had graduated from high school and enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, when she sent him an article from the October 1971 issue of Esquire magazine. The article, “Secrets of the Little Blue Box,” by Ron Rosenbaum, detailed an underground hobbyist culture of young men known as phone phreaks who were illicitly exploring the nation’s phone system.
他们双方进行合作的想法要归功于沃兹尼亚克的母亲。沃兹尼亚克从高中毕业后顺利进入了加利福尼亚大学。在大学期间，沃兹尼亚克的母亲寄了一篇题为“小蓝匣子秘密”的文章，作者是罗恩?罗森鲍姆。这篇文章主要描述了一群拥有特殊业余爱好的年轻人。这群年轻人非法探索国家电话系统，被称为电话线路盗用者。
Mr. Wozniak shared the article with Mr. Jobs, and the two set out to track down an elusive figure identified in the article as Captain Crunch. The man had taken the name from his discovery that a whistle that came in boxes of Cap’n Crunch cereal was tuned to a frequency that made it possible to make free long-distance calls simply by blowing the whistle next to a phone handset.
沃兹尼亚克将这篇文章分享给了乔布斯。他们俩开始追踪这篇文章中提到的神秘领队人物“嘎吱上尉”。这个神秘人物发现了当对“嘎吱嘎吱船长”牌（Cap’n Crunch）麦片盒子吹哨子时声音会产生一个频率（2600赫兹的音调），这意味着人们可以通过在电话听筒附近吹声而免费打长途电话。
Captain Crunch was John Draper, a former Air Force electronic technician, and finding him took several weeks. Learning that the two young hobbyists were searching for him, Mr. Draper appeared one day in Mr. Wozniak’s Berkeley dormitory room. Mr. Jobs, who was still in high school, had traveled to Berkeley for the meeting. When Mr. Draper arrived, he entered the room saying simply, “It is I!”
搜寻这位神秘人物花费了数周时间。原来“嘎吱上尉”就是约翰?德雷珀，曾任美国空军电工。当德雷珀知道有两名年轻的业余爱好者在寻找他时，他便亲自找到了沃兹尼亚克的大学宿舍。当时还在上中学的乔布斯闻讯赶到那里。当德雷珀到了那儿时，只简单地说了一声“我就是”。
Based on information they gleaned from Mr. Draper, Mr. Wozniak and Mr. Jobs later collaborated on building and selling blue boxes, devices that were widely used for making free — and illegal — phone calls. They raised a total of $6,000 from the effort.
有了德雷珀的帮助，乔布斯和沃兹尼亚克一起合作生产并出售蓝匣子，这个产品可以广泛用于拨打免费电话。辛苦总会有回报，那次他们总共挣了6,000美元。
After enrolling at Reed College in 1972, Mr. Jobs left after one semester, but remained in Portland for another 18 months auditing classes. In a commencement address given at Stanford in 2005, he said he had decided to leave college because it was consuming all of his parents’ savings.
1972年，乔被里德大学录取了。6个月后便选择了休学一学期。但仍坚持在波特兰上了18个月的旁听课。在2005年斯坦福大学的毕业典礼上，乔说他当时之所以决定离开大学是因为父母几乎将所有的积蓄都都花在了自己的学费上。
Leaving school, however, also freed his curiosity to follow his interests. “I didn’t have a dorm room,” he said in his Stanford speech, “so I slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, I returned Coke bottles for the 5-cent deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the seven miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on.”
离开学校后，他可以根据自己的兴趣爱好自由地选择。“我失去了宿舍，所以不得不睡在朋友家的地板上。我去捡可以兑换5分钱的可乐瓶，只为了填饱肚子。每周日的晚上，我需要穿过这个城市，走7英里的路程到克利须那神庙，为了吃上好饭。我喜欢那时的生活。我跟着我的直觉和兴趣走，遇到了很多东西，而此后被证明是无价的财富。”
He returned to Silicon Valley in 1974 and took a job there as a technician at Atari, the video game manufacturer. Still searching for his calling, he left after several months and traveled to India with a college friend, Daniel Kottke, who would later become an early Apple employee. Mr. Jobs returned to Atari that fall. In 1975, he and Mr. Wozniak, then working as an engineer at H.P., began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club, a hobbyist group that met at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in Menlo Park, Calif. Personal computing had been pioneered at research laboratories adjacent to Stanford, and it was spreading to the outside world.
1974年乔回到硅谷，在阿塔里公司（美国最大的电视游戏机公司）做技术员。7个月后，他便离开了公司，而和大学同学丹尼尔?科特基（后来成为了苹果公司的一员）一起到印度灵修。那年秋天回到阿塔里公司。1975年，乔和沃兹尼亚克在惠普公司当工程师，并且开始参加“公司的计算机俱乐部”，一群业余爱好者聚集在加利福尼亚门洛帕克的斯坦福线性加速中心。这个毗邻斯坦福的研究室开创了个人电脑，并且逐渐走向世界。
“What I remember is how intense he looked,” said Lee Felsenstein, a computer designer who was a Homebrew member. “He was everywhere, and he seemed to be trying to hear everything people had to say.”
“在我的印象中，乔总是热情洋溢”，电脑设计师李?费尔森施泰因回忆说。“他会出现在公司的任何地方，他似乎想努力知道每个人的心声。”
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